World Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences

MODERN APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO THERAPY

Ranvijay Singh, Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha*

ABSTRACT

Herein, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of
dementia worldwide, characterized by gradual memory loss, cognitive impairment, and behavioural disturbances.
The global prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is increasing rapidly due to aging populations, creating a significant
medical, social, and economic burden. The pathological hallmarks of AD include the accumulation of extracellular
amyloid-β plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, synaptic
dysfunction, and progressive neuronal loss. Despite decades of research, effective disease-modifying therapies
remain limited, and currently available treatments primarily provide symptomatic relief rather than halting disease
progression. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms
underlying Alzheimer’s disease, leading to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Modern approaches in
AD management focus not only on targeting classical pathological pathways such as amyloid and tau aggregation
but also on addressing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic degeneration.
In addition, emerging therapeutic modalities including monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, genebased
therapies, and neuroprotective agents are being actively investigated. Alongside pharmacological
interventions, non-pharmacological strategies such as cognitive training, lifestyle modifications, dietary
interventions, and digital therapeutics are increasingly recognized as important components of comprehensive
disease management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of
Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and highlight recent advances in therapeutic strategies for its treatment and
management. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging drug targets, innovative treatment approaches, and
integrated management strategies that may contribute to improved clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the review
discusses ongoing challenges and future perspectives in Alzheimer’s research, emphasizing the need for
multidisciplinary approaches to develop more effective and disease-modifying therapies.

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