World Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences

IMMUNE CHECKPOINTS AND BACTERIAL PERSISTENCE: REVIEW OF EMERGING CONNECTION IN CHRONIC INFECTIONS

*Israa Khudhair Obayes and Eman Abbas Aboud

ABSTRACT

The persistence and immune evasion of microbes have continued to be a major health challenge worldwide since chronic bacterial infections persist in many parts of the world. The role of immune checkpoint molecules like PD-1, CTLA 4 and LAG-3 in cancer and viral infections is extensively studied, and their importance in bacterial pathogenesis is becoming appreciated. These routes lead to regional immune impairment, permit the establishment of long-lasting reservoirs and obstruct eradication. The review discusses the immunological immunoregulatory functions of immune checkpoints during chronic bacterial infections, which focus on Salmonella Typhi Helicobacter pylori, and biofilm-forming pathogens. The comparison of checkpoint activity in bacterial and viral environments is made where differences in expression patterns, reversibility in functional effect, immune compartment are noted. Recent findings indicate that the checkpoint molecules are not only the brakes of the immune system, but also the contributors of microbial persistence in host tissues. Combined checkpoint inhibitor and antibiotic-based therapeutic approaches have therapeutic potential within preclinical models. Clinical use is however limited by a lack of human data, unpredictable immunopathology, and a need to develop reliable biomarkers that can guide therapy. The pathogenic particularities of checkpoint signaling Virus comprehending the peculiarities of checkpoint signaling is critical to safe and effective treatment design in bacterial infections. This review combines the mechanistic considerate of this area, translational barriers, and opportunities and proposes constructs where targeting immune checkpoints can be used as adjunct therapy in bacteria persistence.

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